2.3 Advanced Grammar
Master complex grammatical structures to improve your writing.
45 min
3 oppgaver
ConditionalsPassive voiceReported speechRelative clauses
Din fremgang i kapitlet
0 / 3 oppgaver
Advanced Grammar Structures
In 9th grade, you will learn more complex grammar that helps you express nuanced ideas.
This includes:
- Conditionals (if-sentences)
- Passive voice
- Reported speech
- Relative clauses
Conditionals
Zero conditional: General truths
- If + present, present
- "If you heat water to 100°C, it boils."
- If + present, present
- "If you heat water to 100°C, it boils."
First conditional: Real possibilities (future)
- If + present, will + verb
- "If it rains tomorrow, we will stay inside."
Second conditional: Unreal/hypothetical (present/future)
- If + past, would + verb
- "If I won the lottery, I would travel the world."
Third conditional: Unreal past
- If + past perfect, would have + past participle
- "If I had studied harder, I would have passed the exam."
✏️Using Conditionals
Complete these conditional sentences:
Zero: If you ____ (mix) yellow and blue, you get green.
Answer: If you mix yellow and blue, you get green.
Answer: If she studies, she will pass.
Answer: If I were taller, I would play basketball.
(Note: "were" is used for all persons in the second conditional)
Answer: If they had left earlier, they wouldn't have missed the bus.
Answer: If you mix yellow and blue, you get green.
First: If she
___ (study), she will pass.Answer: If she studies, she will pass.
Second: If I
___ (be) taller, I would play basketball.Answer: If I were taller, I would play basketball.
(Note: "were" is used for all persons in the second conditional)
Third: If they
____ (leave) earlier, they wouldn't have missed the bus.Answer: If they had left earlier, they wouldn't have missed the bus.
Passive Voice
Active: The subject performs the action
- "Shakespeare wrote Hamlet."
- "Shakespeare wrote Hamlet."
Passive: The subject receives the action
- "Hamlet was written by Shakespeare."
Form: be + past participle (+ by + agent)
When to use passive:
- When the action is more important than who did it
- When we don't know who did it
- In formal or scientific writing
Examples:
- Active: Someone stole my bike.
- Passive: My bike was stolen. (we don't know who)
Reported Speech
When reporting what someone said, we usually shift the tense back:
Present → Past:
- Direct: "I am tired," she said.
- Reported: She said (that) she was tired.
Past → Past Perfect:
- Direct: "I saw him," he said.
- Reported: He said (that) he had seen him.
Will → Would:
- Direct: "I will help," she said.
- Reported: She said (that) she would help.
Other changes:
- "this" → "that"
- "here" → "there"
- "today" → "that day"
📝Oppgave 1
Choose the correct conditional:
a
If I _____ (have) more time, I would read more books.
b
If you heat ice, it _____ (melt).
c
If I _____ (know) the answer, I would have told you.
📝Oppgave 2
Change these sentences to passive voice:
a
Someone has stolen my phone.
b
The chef is preparing dinner.
c
They will announce the winner tomorrow.
📝Oppgave 3
Change to reported speech:
a
"I am going to the cinema," he said.
b
"We will meet tomorrow," she promised.
c
"I have never been to Paris," he admitted.